„iseTi wvrilmani codva, rogoric Tambaqoa, - werda mTavarepiskoposi ioane (Saxovski), - ise gadaezarda adamianTa sazogadoebas CvevaSi, rom sazogadoeba mas yovlgvar pirobebs uqmnis. sad aRar SeiZleba sigaretis povna! yvelgan SexvdebiT saferfles, yvelgvar arsebobs mowevisTvis gankuTvnili specialuri oTaxebi, vagonebi, kupeebi „mwevelTaTvis“. gazviadebuli ar iqneba Tuki vityviT, rom mTeli msoflio warmoadgens erT oTaxs, ufro sworad ki erT uzarmazar vagons „mwevelTaTvis“ varskvlavTSoris sivrceSi. ewevian, - mSvidad sCadian wvrilman codvas yvelani: moxucebica da axalgazrdebic, avadmyofebic da janmrTelnic, swavlulnic da uswavlelnic. damnaSaves dasjis win nebas rTaven mowios sigareti. TiTqosda haeri cotaa atmosferoSi, anda zedmetad uferulia igi. TiTqos unda SeviqmnaT CvenTvis raRacnairi gakvamluli, mowamluli haeri da visunTqoT da visunTqoT es sawamlavi, davtkbeT am kvamliT da ai, yvelani tkbebian imdenad, rom „aramweveli“ - iseTive iSviaTi movlenaa, rogorc „adamiani, romelic arasodes styuis“, an „adamini, romelic Tavs ar ganididebs“. Tambaqos bazari erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania msoflio vaWrobaSi da yovelwliurad milionobiT da milionobiT adamians misces saSualeba CaisunTqos es momwamlavi haeri, misi narkoziT gaibruos Tavi da mTeli organizmi“.
mTavarepiskoposis es sityvebi, cxadia, uwinares yovlisa, im dasavlur sazogadoebas ekuTvnis, romelSic mTelma misma Segnebulma cxovrebam ganvlo. mbolavi papirosi an sigara warmatebuli biznesmenis oqros beWdebiT daxunZlul napatieb xelSi, marTebulad aRiqmeba Cvens mier, rogorc dasavluri civilizaciis simbolo, misi ganmxrwneli da gamomfitveli zemoqmedebiT adamianze. sigaretiT vaWrobis reklama - erT-erTi mTavari niSania gardaqmnis Semdgomi periodis samwuxaro movlenisa - dasavleTis energiuli eqspansiisa. am reklamaTa Soris, romlebic gvpirdebian gadaaqcion Cveni cxovreba bednieri wuTebis uwyvet jaWvad, gvxvdeba mravali plakati, xotbas rom asxamen ama Tu im sigaretis Rirsebebs. „paemani amerikasTan“, „namdvili amerika“, - RaRadeben warwerebi uzarmazar panoebze, sadac aRbeWdilia manhetenis caTambjenTa perspeqtiva, kovboebi da moticiklistebi amerikuli Soreuli dasavleTis mTagoriani peizaJebis fonze. amerika - es sityva gadaiqca magiur formulad, Selocvad, romelsac adamianis guli da goneba Seupyria. amerika, - warmatebis qveyana, adgili sadac yovelive saukeTesoa Tavmoyrili, rac ki dedamiwaze arsebobs. sadac namdvili adamianebi namdvili cxovrebiT cxovroben da romlebic amerikuli dolarebiT amerikul sigaretebs yiduloben.
Tuki sigareti TavisTavad izidavs da ar ganicdis momxmarebelTa naklebobas, misi SeerTeba „namdvili amerikuli keTildReobis miTTan“, kidev ufro amZafrebs saqmes da amravlebs misi „lamazi“ da „naRdi“ CasunTqvis msurvelTa ricxvs.
sagulisxmoa sigaretis wevis istoria. misi warmoSoba adasturebs, rom am vnebas mxolod demonTa daxmarebiT SeeZlo fexis mokideba sazogadoebaSi. swored amitom aranair wamebas da sikvdiliT dasjas ar SeeZlo adamianTa gadaCveva am mavne Cvevisagan.
rodesac 1492 wlis 12 oqtombers qristefore kolumbi miadga san-salvadoris kunZuls, is da misi Tanamgzavrebi SesZra uCveulo sanaxaobam - aborigenebi piridan da cxviridan uSvebdnen bols. saqme imaSi iyo, rom indielebi aRniSnavdnen „wminda“ dResaswauls, romelzec isini eweodnen gansakuTrebul balaxs, - srul gabruebamde. unda aRiniSnos, rom am mdgomareobaSi isini kavSirs amyarebdnen demonebTan da Semdeg yvebodnen, Tu ras eubneboda maT „diadi suli“. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, espanelma mezRvaurebma gaacnes evropul sazogadoebas zemoaRniSnuli „siamovneba“. amgvarad, Tambaqos wevis Cveuleba kerpebis msaxurebidan iRebs saTaves.
da ai, eSmakTa monawileobiTa da maTi faruli xelSewyobiT, mTel evropasa da aziaSic ki daiwyo Tambaqos wevis cieb-cxeleba. ras aRar akeTebdnen mTavroba da sasuliero pirebi, rom aRekveTaT es boroteba, - dawesebuli iyo eklesiidan gankveTa, danmaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja da maTi pirSi CibuxgaCrili Tavebis gamofena, tuCebisa da cxviris mokveTa, TambaqoTi movaWreTa cocxlad dawva, nestoebisa da cxviris daWra da damnaSaveTa gadasaxleba.
sxvadasxva qveynis mmarTvelTa mier dawesebul mkacr zomebs mainc ar SeeZlo am vnebis swrafi zrdis SeCereba, magram sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis moiZebnebodnen gonieri adamianebi, romlebic cdilobdnen ase Tu ise SeezRudaT sayovelTao boroteba, aaSkaravebdnen ra mTel damRupvel zemoqmedebas am mavne Cvevisa. rogorc Cans, am niadagze ruseTSi aRmocenda legendebi Tambaqos warmoSobaze. erTi gadmocemis mixedviT Tambaqo aRmocenda sisxlis aRmrevTa (disa da Zmis) saflavidan, meoresi ki - meZavis Tavidan.
arcTu usafuZvlod da myarad moikida fexi Tambaqos metsaxelma - „satanis sakmeveli“. is dakavSirebulia gadmocemasTan, romlis mixedviTac, rodesac Zveli aRTqmis eklesiaSi, mose winaswarmetyvelis dros (me-19 saukune qristes Sobamde) dawesebuli iqna kanonikuri RvTismsaxureba sakmevlis gamoyenebiT, satanam, romelic Tavisi siZulviliT RmerTisadmi verasodes aRemateba RvTis saqmeTa karikaturul mibaZvas, aiZula Tavisi mimdevari eSmakebi sakuTari bageebiT ekmiaT misTvis. amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom mowevis mimarT ukiduresad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, uwinares yovlisa, sasuliero pirTagan modioda. TuTunis wevisa da ynosvis Cveva, jer kidev petre didis dros ganisjeboda sasuliero pirTa mier, rogorc uRvTo da eSmakis saqme.
da ai, rodesac erTma rusma vaWarma, petres sazRvargareT wasvlis win 1697 wels iyida mTavrobisagan Tambaqos gayidvis monopolia, patriarqma adrianem gankveTa igi eklesiidan mTeli Tavisi ojaxiT da STamomavlobiTac ki, daswyevla ra mTeli misi gvari saukunod. Tambaqo me-17 saukunis bolomde akrZaluli iyo ruseTSi patriarqis mier, rogorc arawminda da antireligiuri ram, xolo erTi mogzauris SeniSnviT „dRemde arc erTi mRvdeli ar Seva TambaqoTi gabolil oTaxSi“. amas SeiZleba daematos isic, rom saukeTeso rusi mRvdelmTavrebi me-17 - me-19 saukuneebisa Tumc lmobierad ekidebodnen mowevis mankierebas eriskacTa Soris (rogorc Cans am borotebis sayovelTao gavrcelebis gamo), Zalian mkacrni iyvnen, rodesac saqme sasuliero pirebs exeboda, gansakuTrebiT ki mRvdelTmsaxurebs.
ras warmoadgens moweva sulieri TvalsazrisiT da ra ziani moaqvs adamianis sulisa da xorcisaTvis? es codvaa, romlis saTavec TviTtkbobisaken midrekilebaSia. ris gamoc ar unda eweodes adamiani, nerviuli Tu gonebrivi daZabulobis mosaxsnelad, megobruli Tu saqmiani urTierTobis dasamyareblad, alkoholis mier mogvrili Trobis dros damatebiTi siamovnebis misaRebad (mravalni mxolod dalevis dros ewevian) da bolos, moCvenebiTi TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis (rac mozardTa mwevelad Camoyalibebis mizezi xdeba), an rogorc warmarTuli ritualis nawili - adamianis grZnobisa da gonebis dabindva. geCveneba ra sasiamovnod, igi iwvevs ganmeorebis survils da ase TandaTanobiT yalibdeba Cveva - damRupveli vneba sacodav mwevels Tavis badeSi axvevs.
moweva - sulieri vnebaa: bunebiT mowevis survili adamianisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc magaliTad Wamis, smis, ojaxis yolis. albaT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moweva - locvis erTgvari antipodia. locva, wminda mamebTan, sulis sunTqvad iwodeba. axdens ra adamianis yuradRebis koncentracias Tavis TavSi da RmerTSi, igi hgvris mas WeSmarit simSvides, iwvevs gonebisa da gulis ganwmendas, sulieri siZlierisa da simxnevis SegrZnebas.
moweva dakavSirebulia sxeulis sunTqvasTan, iwvevs am grZnobaTa surogats. TviT simbolo locvisa - kmeva keTilsurnelovan gundrukisa - erTob TvalsaCinod gamoxatavs sakmevlis kmevis keTilsurnelebisa da eSmakis myrali balaxis gamoyenebis urTierTsapirispiro xasiaTs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sruliad ruseTis udidesi mlocveli, wmida da marTali ioane kronStadteli, aseTi ZaliT amxels Tambaqos wevis vnebas. „adamianma daamaxinja TviT xorcieli siamovnebanic ki... gamosaTvis, nawilobriv ki sunTqvisaTvis, man gamoigona da TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv uSvebs mZafrsa da sunian bols, moaqvs ra igi rogorc mudmivi Sesawiravi sxeulSi mcxovreb demonisaTvis, am boliT msWvalavs Tavisi sacxovreblis da mis gareT arsebul haersac, uwinares yovlisa ki, Tavad imsWvaleba am bilwi surneliT, - da ai, ganuwyvetelma gauxeSebam sakuTari grZnobisa da gulisa, romelsac mudmivad boli nTqavs, ar SeiZleba ar imoqmedos gulismier grZnobaTa sifaqizeze, igi sZens msa xorciel, uxeS da grZnobismieri xasiaTs“.
